Neuropsypharmacology

Pharmacogenomics 1.Pharmacogenomics is the study of the role of the genome in drug response. Its name reflects its combining of pharmacology and genomics. Pharmacogenomics analyzes how the genetic makeup of an individual affects his/her response to drugs.  2.pros Improve drug safety, and reduce ADRs; Tailor treatments to meet patients' unique genetic pre-disposition, identifying optimal dosing; Improve drug discovery targeted to human disease; and Improve proof of principle for efficacy trials 3.genome-wide technology on pharmacogenomics of mental illnesses including schizophrenia (SCZ), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). 4.The effectiveness and toxicities of medications used in secondary stroke prophylaxis, dementia, seizure disorders, multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson disease (PD) are all influenced by genetic polymorphisms. 5.pharmacogenomic  used to study neurodegene...

Drug toxicity of psychotropic drugs. Drug toxicity is the development of severe, drug-related complications, which may require premature drug withdrawal or dose reduction. 1. acute toxicity is  highest in.                  antidepressants  lower in neuroleptics   very low in anxiolytics. 2. major problems stem  Anxiolytic ---misuse and overuse. neuroleptics --- tardive dyskinesia is a serious threat to longterm therapy.   antidepressants ---low therapeutic index and a resulting high incidence of severe and fatal poisoning cases, both intentional and accidental. 3.Poisoning death rates per million prescriptions were about 10 times higher for tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) than for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), England and Wales, 1993-2004 4 .Psychotropic drugs with hepatotoxic potential can be classified based on their intended use:  1) antipsychoticsneuroleptics including phenothiazine...

Nanobiotechnology- a review

Pharmanews January-February 2020 update Major Ref: 1.pharma times Jan2020                    2.pharmacy times headlines                    3.Pharma guild lines                    4.Fierce pharma blogposts Important points : 1.PTC has filed its gene therapy to treat aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADC) due to mutation in dopa decarboxylase .Its arare disease seen in children. 2.fluoxetine to be used for neuroblastoma achildhood cancer which stabilizes the gene CDN1B. 3.Eli Lilly to buy dermira for $1.1billion  .it is used i atopic dermatitis. It is currently in phase3 trials. 4.FDA summon market withdrawal of Belviq due ton cancer risk 5.Newer antibodies found against coronavirus in india. 6. FDA turns out 3 drugs from Rx to OTC ie olapatadine(conjunctivitis)0.2% and 0.1 % voltaren( arthritis) . 7.Antihistamines to affec...

  Floating drug delivery for peptic ulcer These sys tems float over the gastric contents because they have low  density than gastric content. Suitable for those drug candi dates which have a short half-life, irritant action on the stom ach, or for those drugs which are absorbed from the stomach,  and drugs that have less retention time in the stomach.  There  are mainly two types of FDDS,  1. non-effervescent  2.effervescent FDDS.  Non-effervescent  floating tablets are mainly composed of gel forming and  swellable cellulose Eg floating matrix tablet of Tolpison  hydrochloride by the using hot melt granulation method  (HMG) and found that the tablet prepared by this method  shows the significant result of gastroretention Advantages of FDDS 1. Floating dosage forms provide a long duration of time for the effective exposure of the drug in the stomach [41]. 2. It provides local action of drug-like in case of antacids. 3. FDDS...

1.Drug desensitization  refers to two related concepts. First, desensitization may be equivalent to  drug tolerance  and refers to subjects' reactions (positive or negative) to a drug reducing following its repeated use.  2.desensitization, which refers to a biochemical effect where individual  receptors  become less responsive after repeated application of an  agonist . This may be mediated by  phosphorylation , for instance by  beta adrenoceptor kinase  at the  beta adrenoceptor . 3.Desensitization is a result of either of continued presence of agonist specific for that receptor (homologous) or of a result of either a class of agonists working toward a “common goal” (heterologous desensitization). 4.There are two known mechanisms for desensitization (see Figure 10.19). a)decrease in response brought about by the covalent modifications produced by  receptor   phosphorylation  and is quite rapid (seconds to minut...