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How neuroplasticity is enhanced by physical exercise

How neuroplasticity is affected by physical exercise?

Newborn neurons are primarily produced in two neurogenic zones in the adult brain: the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone.About 700 newborn neurons are estimated to be added to a unilateral hippocampus in human each day.

1.Running reverses the stress-induced impairments to learning and memory, as well as reduces depression-like behaviors, to-gether with the restored hippocampal BDNF level and re-duced GR expression.

2.physical exercise -
- secretes Neurotrophic factors
-activate Noradrenaline neurons and Na metabolite
-secretes serotonin
-modifying the adaptive response of HPA axis to stress.

3.Exerkines are used as APIs to cause effects by exercise .Exerkines are peptides, nucleic acids and metabolites re-leased following exercise from skeletal muscles (myokines) or other organs/tissues such as liver (hepatokines), ligaments and adipose tissue (adipokines).

The main points:
This review studies synaptic plasticity(Sp) and dentrite remodeling(Dr)

1.chronic stress--  <<<NTP ( Sp)&
2.Exercise --  >>>NTP(Sp) & >>spine density and branching.(Dr)
3.Exercise+Stress ---  >>>syanaptic protein (SP)
>>> Spine density

HPA = Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal 

On genetic level:
**The epigenetic effects of exercise on DNA methylation in skeletal muscles has suggested that multiple genes are potentially affected. For example, highly-intense training results in an abruptly-decreased methylation in the promotor regions of PGC1α, PDK4, and PPARδ, whereas low-intense one exerted little effect .

**For example, a six-month aerobic training affects DNA methylation of the whole ge-nome in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues. Several mi-croRNAs are associated with the exercise performance and predict the levels of maximal oxygen consumption

Ref:Bentham science publishers-Enhancement of Hippocampal Plasticity by Physical Exercise as a Polypill for Stress and Depression: A Review  Ang Li1,7,#, Suk-yu Yau2,#, Sergio Machado3,#, Pingjie Wang1, Ti-Fei Yuan4,* and Kwok-Fai So.










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