Neuropsypharmacology

Can a drug hibernate you? 1. What is actually hibernation state? --Hibernation is identified by a prolonged state of energy conservation, termed torpor, that allows heterothermic mammals to tolerate the limited resource availability encountered in extreme environments . Animal studies: In hypothalamus , a particular group of neurons controls all metabolic activity. When it was blocked... --mice began to enter torpor, the team focused on a gene called Fos -- previously shown by the Greenberg lab to be expressed in active neurons. Labeling the protein product of the Fos gene allowed them to identify which neurons are activated during the transition to torpor throughout the entire brain --Studying torpor in mice helps us understand how this fascinating feature of warm-blooded animals might be manipulated through neural processes.confirm that these neurons are critical for torpor, the researchers used a separate virus-based tool to silence the activity of avMLPA-Vglut2 neurons. This imply ...

Soldiers used psychoactive drugs to : 1.improve performance  of soldiers by suppressing hunger, increasing the ability to sustain effort without food 2. increasing and lengthening wakefullness . 3.suppressing fear, reducing empathy, and improving reflexes and memory-recall,  4. Improve concrntration focus  5.  Endure will power  Cases of used drugs 1. Benzedrine was claimed to have been administered by allied forces during WWII esp. by the US --Germany and Japan used methamphetamine. Panzerschokolade  (Methamphetamine) during  WWII  by Nazi Germany In WWII, cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of "pep pills" code named  D-IX  for the German military. [34] COMMONLY used drugs 1. Modafinil - increases alert ness 2. Amphetamine 3. Sleeping pills 4. Cocaine : pep pills as DX2 by Nazi 's 5.  Methamphetamine 6.  Morphine ---reduces pain and injuries 7.  Tilofibrate---anticoagulan...

Inception : It is related to plant an idea or thought into minds of person during sleep.   Is it possible now? -- Nobody in real for now can share a dream by just sitting next to him .However , they may share same experiences if directed to do so in lucid dreaming ---Research is still going to study inception but its too risky to play with the subconscious mind as person may be unable to differentiate dream and reality.  What is lucid dreaming? Lucid dreaming is a state of hybrid of REM sleep and awake in which person know he is awake but can modify his dreams as he want.  It was shown  when more than 8mg of galatamine is injected intravenously.  Lucid dreaming is used to enhance creativity, memory, decision making, critical thinking and lucid dreams were associated with significantly higher levels of recall, cognitive clarity, control, positive emotion, sensory vividness and self-reflection on one's thoughts and feelings compared to non-lucid dreams." How incep...

Changes in brain : 1. Increase in hippocampus.  hippocampus is involved in memory processing and is known to shrink with age. Mostly common in dementia,  Alzheimer's disease. 2.The amygdala, a brain structure that contributes to emotional regulation, tends to be larger in yoga practitioners than in their peers who do not practice yoga. 3.The prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex  also tend to be larger or more efficient in those who regularly practice yoga. 4. The practice of yoga helps improve emotional regulation to reduce stress, anxiety and depression.  5 .those who had done yoga for eight weeks had an attenuated cortisol response to stress that was associated with better performance on tests of decision-making, task-switching and attention." 6. Increases foldings in brains :ie gyrification In the process, they allow more surface area, which holds more neurons, to fit in your skull. 7. Increases gray matter -  Changes in neurons: 1.Release happy hormones : fop...

Brain connectivity improves human aesthetic responses to music Abstract: 1. white matter connectivity between sensory processing areas in the superior temporal gyrus and emotional and social processing areas in the insula and medial prefrontal cortex explains individual differences in reward sensitivity to music. 2.  findings provide the first evidence for a neural basis of individual differences in sensory access to the reward system, and suggest that social–emotional communication through the auditory channel may offer an evolutionary basis for music making as an aesthetically rewarding function in humans. 3.carried out by -- Using a combination of survey data, behavioral and psychophysiological measures and diffusion tensor imaging, Conclusion: Results from diffusion tensor imaging show that white matter connectivity between auditory perceptual regions (pSTG) and regions of the brain important for emo- tional and social processing (aIns, mPFC) reflect individual diffe...

1.Lithium as a mood stabilizer has been used as the standard pharmacological treatment for Bipolar Disorder (BD)   2.Recent studies have also shown that it has the potential for the treatment of many other neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease, through its neurotrophic, neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. -- Therefore, exploring its pharmacokinetic features and designing better lithium preparations are becoming important research topics.  ---Lithium is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. Its level is initially highest in serum and then is evidently redistributed to various tissue compartments. It is not metabolized and over 95% of lithium is excreted unchanged through the kidney, but different lithium preparations may have different pharmacokinetic features. Lithium has a narrow therapeutic window limited by various adverse effects, but some no...